Moreover, elevated PENK concentrations have been linked to both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as long-term kidney outcomes and mortality in various clinical settings, such as heart failure and acute myocardial infarction (Ng et al., 2014; Arbit et al., 2016; Matsue et al., 2017). The gene discussed is PENK; the disease is chronic kidney disease.