NFKB1 and Hyperglycemia: Inflammatory factors produced by peripheral neurons can bind to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on microglia; hyperglycemia also prolongs NF-κB activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding to TLRs (Hung et al., 2022); and ATP released by stressed or injured cells or inflammation can bind to P2XR on microglia.