In other examples, metabolites of Lactobacillus plantarum L168, such as I3A, improve colorectal tumorigenesis through epigenetic regulation of CD8+ T-cell immunity (Zhang et al., 2023), while clinical outcomes in patients with HPV-positive OSCC are superior to those with HPV-negative cancer, attributable to the presence of higher numbers of infiltrating IFNγ+CD8+ T lymphocytes, IL-17+ CD8+ T lymphocytes, myeloid DCs, and pro-inflammatory chemokines (Partlova et al., 2015). Here, CD8A is linked to cancer.