The differential metabolites were found to be distributed among 30 metabolic pathways, with predominant enrichment observed in pathways such as biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, the glucagon signaling pathway, pertussis, carbon metabolism, vitamin digestion and absorption, sulfur metabolism, insulin resistance, rheumatoid arthritis, galactose metabolism, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in. Here, GCG is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.