TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Numerous clinical studies have highlighted the pro‐tumorigenic effects of IL‐1α and IL‐1β, in which IL‐1β stimulates inflammatory mediators, promotes cellular invasion and immunosuppression.[32, 33] Additionally, TNF exhibits diverse tumor‐promoting activities, such as stimulating cytokine cascade responses, fibrotic responses, and altering adhesion receptors.[34] These findings imply that BBR treatment could alter the transcriptional profiling of immune cells and prevent HCC progression through influencing the secretion of cytokines.