However, more research is required to determine whether the increase in IL-4 has a positive effect on the detection of patent parasitaemia in humans infected with T. cruzi, as well as to determine whether the concentration of IL-4 is due exclusively to the balance between the anti- and pro-inflammatory immune responses against T. cruzi infection or whether it is further exacerbated by co-infections with other parasite species. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and coinfection.