SOS1 and differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Among the other genes more highly targeted in males are PCM1, KMT2C, and SOS1. A mutation in PCM1 has been associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (Eng et al. 2023); a mutation in the KMT2C gene has been identified as a molecular marker for primary thyroid osteosarcoma (Wang et al. 2022); and overexpression of SOS1 has been found to promote cell proliferation and cell apoptosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells (Pang and Yang 2021).