Mitochondrial dysfunction also contributes to PD progression through mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), cytochrome C, and cardiolipin, can be released into extracellular space where they initiate proinflammatory responses from glial cells and stimulate microglial phagocytosis, which finally result in disease progression [69]. Here, TFAM is linked to Parkinson disease.