ALDH1A1 and lung carcinoma: Conversely, clinical data with the ALDH1a1/ALDH2 inhibitor disulfiram have accrued positive benefits, with epidemiology data demonstrating that continued use of disulfiram following a cancer diagnosis decreases mortality by 34% as compared with those who stopped use (Skrott et al., 2017), while a randomized phase 2b trial in stage 4 lung cancer showed that disulfiram exerts beneficial immunotherapeutic-like survival (Table 1), suggesting retinoid synthesis inhibitors may show beneficial effects in the same cancers that retinoid agonists exacerbate.