Finally, during the last years, numerous studies explored the involvement of a wider range of cytokines in the pathogenesis of FMF; these include, but are not limited to, IL-4, IL-18, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), chemokines, and the S100A protein family (45–51). This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and familial Mediterranean fever.