Notably, the NAFLD group demonstrated significantly increased abundances of Muribaculaceae, Allobaculum, Paramuribaculum, and Ruminococcaceae, and decreased abundances of Ligilactobacillus, Lactobacillus, and HT002 (Figure 4B and Supplementary Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene COMMD5 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.