These findings are consistent with previous studies on bladder cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma, collectively indicating the involvement of TFRC as an oncogene in malignant tumor progression, resulting in a worsened prognosis (Arora et al., 2023; Miao et al., 2022; Tang et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene TFRC and squamous cell lung carcinoma.