TLR4 and Parkinson disease: When microglia surface receptors (such as TLR2 or TLR4) interact with soluble α-Syn, it could potentially result in elevated oxidative stress levels and trigger the activation of inflammatory pathways that involve NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (Bearoff et al., 2023; Soraci et al., 2023), thus facilitating PD advancement.