Berberine, the active compound in BA, is known to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which enhances insulin sensitivity and promotes glucose uptake in peripheral tissues (Yin et al., 2008; Kong et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2006) [24,25,31]. WS, or Ashwagandha, is known for its adaptogenic properties and has been shown to modulate oxidative stress and inflammation, key factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes (Mishra et al., 2000; Verma and Singh, 2012; Choudhary et al., 2017) [26,27,32]. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.