TGFB1 and cancer: It is known that in a cancer-bearing state, tumors induce immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and secrete immunosuppressive cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) to evade attack from the immune system, causing decreased cellular immunity in patients [8].