However, while two recent meta-analyses showed that PD1-/PD-L1 inhibitors failed to exhibit a survival benefit in the GC or ESCC patients with absent or low PD-L1 expression (Zhao et al., 2022a; Yap et al., 2023), the post hoc analysis of JUPITER-06 and meta-analysis showed superiority of PD-1 inhibitor with chemotherapy in advanced ESCC patients with absent or low PD-L1 expression. Here, PDCD1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.