ZAP70 and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A highly sensitive conversion platform for detecting the level of ZAP-70 gene and distinguishing CLL types through genetic analysis is created using a gold NPs (AuNPs) coated with ZAP-70 oligonucleotide probe on the surface of the biosensor.741 Furthermore, caspase-3, a well-established indicator of cellular programmed cell death, can be triggered in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis.