For instance, the identification of specific mutations or genetic markers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or BRAF mutations in melanoma, can inform the choice of targeted therapies that specifically inhibit these aberrant pathways, leading to more effective and tailored treatment approaches [156]. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.