Among them, 195 genes such as the key genes IRF1 and CASP1 in the PRGs mentioned earlier were upregulated in Cluster A, and 205 genes were downregulated in Cluster A. GSEA functional enrichment analyses (Figs. 3C) revealed the main signaling pathway difference in the PRGs of Clusters A and B. We observed that several infection-related pathways actively enriched in cluster A whereas several endocrine pathways enriched in cluster B. Thereout, we inferred that alterations in these bioprocesses may be the underlies influencing the PANoptosis condition of BTC patients. The gene discussed is IRF1; the disease is infection.