Furthermore, hierarchical clustering showed that the majority of genes were uniformly expressed in all patients, while 7/220 genes (DDX3Y, EIF1AY, RPS4Y1, SMCY, USP9Y, UTY, and ZFY) showed aberrant gene expression patterns in the two main clusters of MM patients (Supplementary Fig. 5). Here, USP9Y is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.