CD14 and periapical periodontitis: Previous studies have described that Staphylococcus aureus-derived LTA stimulates IL-8 release through CD14-dependent pathways rather than TLR2- and TLR4-mediated pathways [28,29,30]; similar results have been observed in other bacteria such as Streptococcus and Actinomyces, which are implicated to in endodontic infections and apical periodontitis [29].