SOCS1 and coinfection: Gal3 can also modulate the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), which is involved in the overall inflammatory response, and it can influence retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) expression during influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae co-infection, resulting in the dysregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [77].