Additionally, obesity alters the gene expression profile of ADSCs, with upregulation observed in genes such as leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), sortilin 1 (SORT1), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), melanin-concentrating hormone 1 (MCHR1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-α (PPARGC1A), and thyroid hormone receptor-β (THRB). Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.