INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Clinical data demonstrated that T1D subjects markedly increased their C-peptide levels relative to their baseline levels (0.87 ± 0.36 ng/mL) in the first month post-treatment with stem cell educator therapy (1.18 ± 0.49 ng/mL, p = 0.005), with the improved sugar control and the reduction of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) and total insulin dosages.