In contrast, in mixed primary glial cells, an increase in GSK3β-Ser9 phosphorylation under neuroinflammatory conditions (i.e., treatment with neurotoxic 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) was observed, while p-GSK3β-Ser9 levels were reduced in glia cells deficient for NLRC5 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family caspase recruitment domain containing 5), though the latter represents a condition that improves MPTP-induced PD in mice [184]. Here, GSK3B is linked to Parkinson disease.