TGFB1 and Hyperglycemia: Previous studies have highlighted its effectiveness in reducing cardiac fibrosis through multiple pathways, including the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway and the PPAR delta/STAT3 pathway, particularly in hyperglycemia-induced cardiac fibrosis [150,151,152,153,154] Moreover, telmisartan has shown promise in addressing fibrosis by inhibiting the expression of key factors such as α-smooth muscle actin, collagen 1a1, and TGF-β1 [155].