More recently, Monastirioti and colleagues tested the hypothesis that circulating miRNAs, which regulate immune checkpoints, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are prognostic biomarkers in patients with advanced NSCLC who are treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) (also called Nivolumab, a second-line anti-cancer drug). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.