HMOX1 and diabetes mellitus: In addition, activation of the Nrf2 pathway to reduce ferroptosis plays a role in diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction, and one study demonstrated that artemisinin activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby upregulating HO-1, GPX4, and GSH, which mitigates ferroptosis in the hippocampal neurons of mice, resulting in symptomatic improvement [127].