The efficacy of these nanoplatforms was verified by using immunohistochemical approaches at both brightfield (using anti-CD31 antibody revealed by streptavidin–peroxidase followed by DAB) and fluorescence (using Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated antibodies against α-tubulin as a paclitaxel target) microscopy, as well as TUNEL assay demonstrating their potential in decreasing microvessel density and promoting microtubule disassembly and apoptosis in cancer cells [108]. This evidence concerns the gene PECAM1 and cancer.