For instance, HTLV-1 antisense strand-encoded mRNA interacts with the promoter and enhances transcription of the C-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) gene to support the proliferation of HTLV-1-infected cells, and HIV-1 antisense mRNA is recruited to the viral long terminal repeat and inhibits sense mRNA expression, to maintain the latency of HIV-1 infection [124]. This evidence concerns the gene CCR4 and HIV-1 infection.