Our longitudinal analysis, on the other hand, suggests that BCAA contribute to 2 year increases in fasting insulin (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05 for leucine, valine, tyrosine, BCAA score, and BCAA-AAA score) and glucose (p < 0.05 only prior to FDR adjustment), but not in HOMA-IR, the combined measure of insulin resistance. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.