TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: According to the literature, significant elevations in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IP-10, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, as observed here in older men with obesity, agree with other studies that have documented similar increases in these pro-inflammatory cytokines in this population, indicating a close association between the state of chronic low-grade inflammation and obesity [24,25,26,27].