INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: This review summarizes some reports from human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on the effects of probiotic supplementation on glycemic outcomes in adults with T2DM (Table 1), specifically fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).