TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are elevated in T2DM patients, underscore the relationship between T2DM and inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [8,9].