CCL2 and cancer: In this study, kaempferol, among other flavonols (quercetin and myricetin) with multiple -OH groups in their structures, showed increased affinity towards the CCL-2 structure, demonstrating that kaempferol has the potential to reduce the CCL2-CCR2-cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)-mediated pathogenesis of inflammatory infirmities in cancer TME.