TNF and colitis: Furthermore, curcumin has also been shown to improve UC symptoms and alleviate chronic inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mouse models via reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-27, TNF-α, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and promoting the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in colonic tissue [71,72,73,74].