This is due to their ability to support the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-27 while increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, maintaining immune homeostasis, preventing viral persistence, and, ultimately, preventing viral infection, as well as demonstrating high levels of viral-associated metabolites such as desaminotyrosine and succinate. Here, TNF is linked to viral infectious disease.