CTNNB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: CTNNB1 gene mutations, responsible for encoding β-catenin, are intricately linked with a spectrum of malignancies, encompassing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [57], pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC), gastroesophageal junction carcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma (Table 2).