MTOR and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Metformin, a biguanide used to treat type 2 diabetes, was found to reduce the risk of dementia, cancer, and other age-related disorders [235,236] by reducing insulin and IGF-1 levels, inhibiting the mTOR pathway, blocking mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative damage, and activating the AMP kinase [237,238,239].