In addition, accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as major mediators for the activation of pro-inflammatory signaling such as MAPK, JAK/STAT, or NF-κB signaling, and pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-1β and DNA damage are responsible for HCC progression [34]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.