LEP and hyperinsulinism: Numerous studies have established that sodium valproate is associated with several adverse effects, including elevated levels of leptin, insulin resistance, increased leptin/adiponectin ratio, hyperinsulinemia, elevated body mass index (BMI), increased blood lipid levels, reduced carnitine, significant reductions in bone mineral density, elevated liver enzyme levels, menstrual irregularities, altered reproductive hormone function, mitochondrial dysfunction, endocrine disturbances, and women of childbearing age are more likely to develop PCOS [9, 10, 37–40].