PTGS2 and epilepsy: Inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), along with inflammatory factors like interleukin-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), play a significant role in the occurrence and progression of epilepsy [71, 72].