To confirm the possibility of kidney damage in AB-FUBINACA treated mice, the expressions of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), markers of renal tubular damage and are closely associated with the early appearance of AKI [30–32], have been evaluated using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Here, HAVCR1 is linked to acute kidney injury.