PTGS2 and breast carcinoma: Moreover, curcumin is known to target numerous signaling pathways associated with breast cancer, including p53, Ras, PI3K, protein kinase B, Wnt/β-catenin, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), NF-κB, OPN, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and MMP-9 [23,24,25].