The increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-a in macrophages (THP-1 cell lines) or IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-a in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells) was observed following exposure to 59 nm or 100 μm PS [53,54]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colorectal adenocarcinoma.