TNF and neoplasm: Similarly, the intratumoral or intravenous injection of the non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strain MG1655, engineered to produce TNFα, in mice bearing renal or colorectal carcinomas, respectively, altered the cytokine profile in the TME to a proinflammatory state with increased expression of IFNγ and IL-12 that ultimately led to tumor regression [126].