TNF and neoplasm: Notably, CD8+ T cells treated with Megasphaera massiliensis’ culture supernatants highly enriched in the Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) pentanoate and butyrate, displayed increased IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production, while, when compared to non-treated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, they showed increased tumor reactivity and persistence in vivo, following adoptive cell therapy in mice bearing melanoma tumors [57].