However, it is important that, as noted above, genetically manipulated MSCs can also have significant anti-cancer effects by delivering and expressing various anti-cancer agents, including type I interferon (IFN-α and IFN-β), CXCL1, IL-2, IL-12, cytokine deaminase, oncolytic virus, TRAIL and nanoparticles, thus reducing the risk of treatment failure. Here, IL2 is linked to cancer.