This was attributed to the production of tumour-derived MSCs containing inter alia IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), INF-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP1β or CCL4), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, and TNF-α in the secretome. Here, CCL4 is linked to neoplasm.