PIK3CA and neoplasm: Furthermore, the development and invasiveness of neoplastic cells may also be connected with a wide spectrum of cancer-related signalling pathways involved in the crosstalk between MSC and tumour cells, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of Rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), Wnt/β-catenin signalling, the Hippo pathway, and MYC and NF-κβ signalling cascades [87].