Because of this ability, NPM1 has been implicated in many stages of viral infection through interaction with a variety of proteins from heterologous viruses [22,23], including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev [20], human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Rex [24], herpes simplex virus type 1 UL24 [25], bovine immunodeficiency virus chronic hepatitis B virus Rev [26], SAMD12-AS1 [27], circovirus PCV3 Cap [28], and chikungunya virus nsP3 [29]. Here, NPM1 is linked to viral infectious disease.