These results are consistent with our previous finding that NCF1 deficiency enhances the JAK1/STAT1 pathway, resulting in higher expression of ISGs and promoting lupus in both mice and humans.[12, 51] A curious observation is the behavior of the “enigmatic” protein Enhancer of Rudimentary Homolog or ERH[58] that largely mimics that of NCF1 and NCF2 (Figure 4e). Here, STAT1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.