Some of them have been identified to play a particular role in the pathogenesis of postoperative muscularis externa inflammation and colitis (i.e. IL-6 (2, 7, 38, 40), CCL2 (9) and CSF-1 (9, 13)), while others play a particular role in worm infection (i.e. CXCL10 (3)). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and colitis.