TNF and neoplasm: Chemokine CCL19 plays a pivotal role in tumor-suppressive functions (Bhat et al., 2021), for example, CCL19 promotes naïve T-cell survival via its anti-apoptotic activity (Link et al., 2007), enhances the endocytosis capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) (Wu et al., 2023), and induces the production of TNFα, IL-12 and IL-1β, indirectly leading to increased proliferation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells (Laufer & Legler, 2018).