Of note, our approach is limited in that APOE4-positive status represents only one genetic indicator of Ad risk; future studies could benefit from obtaining genome-wide polygenic risk scores and additional biomarkers such as amyloid-β, tau protein levels, and blood-based biomarkers (e.g. ratio of amyloid-β peptides: Aβ42/Aβ40, levels of phosphorylated tau isoforms) to enhance the depth of investigation on cognitive disease-related risk profiles and deception. Here, APOE is linked to cognitive disorder.